A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
ARD Program – Non-conviction
Mostly found in the state of Pennsylvania, this stands for “Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition Program.” This program is given to the defendant in place of adjudication. If the defendant completes the program, the case is closed.
Abduction
Taking away by violence or fraud and persuasion; kidnapping. Usually a female or wife, child or ward.
Abet
See Aiding and Abetting
Abstraction
Taking away with intent to harm or deceive.
Accessory
Not the perpetrator of the crime but in some way involved without being present in the commission of the crime.
Accessory After the Fact
One who helps a criminal to elude arrest.
Accessory Before the Fact
One who induces another to commit a crime.
Acquittal
A not-guilty verdict absolving an accused party of guilt. Release or absolution.
Adjudication
The legal process by which a case or claim is settled. May also be the final pronouncement of judgment in a case or claim.
Adjudicated Guilty – Conviction
The defendant has been found guilty of the charges.
Adjudication Withheld – Non-conviction
The court does not give a final judgment regarding the case. The defendant is given probation, a program or community service in which they have a specified amount of time to complete. If the defendant complies, the case may be dismissed, depending on the county/state. If they do not dismiss in that particular county / state, then the disposition remains adjudication withheld and the case is closed. However, if the defendant is found in violation, the case disposition may be changed and the defendant can be found guilty.
Affidavit
A voluntarily, written statement of fact, confirmed by oath.
Affray
Brawl or disturbance. Not premeditated.
Aggravated
(assault, battery, arson, etc.) Circumstances surrounding the commission of a crime or tort which increase or add to its injurious consequences.
Aiding and Abetting
To assist and/or incite another to commit a crime.
Alias
False name used in substitution of a legal name on official documents and for official purposes. Nicknames are not considered aliases. May be noted as AKA (Also Known As) on criminal records.
Antitrust Acts or Laws
Laws to protect trade and commerce from unlawful practice.
Appeal
A complaint to a superior court to review the decision of a lower court.
Appellant
One who makes a complaint to a superior court to review the decision of a lower court.
Appellate Court
A court having jurisdiction of appeal and review. Not a trial court.
Appropriate
To take something from another for one’s own use or benefit.
Archive/Archives
The place where records are stored after a certain specified period of time. The period of time a record is held at a court of record may differ between courts and states.
Arraignment
A call to the accused to come before the court to hear charges or enter a plea.
Arrest
The taking of an individual into custody by law enforcement personnel for the purpose of charging them with an illegal act.
Arrest Record
An official form completed by the police department when a person is arrested. Also, a cumulative record of all instances in which a person has been arrested.
Arson
The attempted or intentional destruction of property by fire or explosion.
Assault
Intentional or threatened infliction of injury to another. The classification of “aggravated” is assigned when the injury is considered serious or when injury is threatened or carried out with the use of a deadly or dangerous weapon. The classification of “simple” is assigned when the injury inflicted or threatened is not serious and a deadly weapon is not used. May be used with Battery.
B
Bail
An amount of money, set by a judge at an initial appearance to ensure the return of the accused at subsequent proceedings.
Bail / Bond Forfeiture – Non-conviction
The charges against the defendant are dropped. Not enough evidence to convict.
Battery
Non-consensual, unlawful contact, such as touching, beating or wounding of another. See Assault.
Bench Trial
Trial by judge, without jury.
Bench Warrant
A process delivered by the court directing a law enforcement agency to bring a specified individual before the court.
Bind Over
To put under bond to appear in court. The term is also used when a case is shifted from a lower court to a higher court.
Blackmail
An illegal demand for money or property under threat of harm or exposure of undesirable acts.
Bond
A certificate of obligation, either unsecured or secured with collateral, to pay a specified amount of money within a specified period of time.
Bond Forfeiture
Bond forfeiture occurs when a case has been disposed and a fine is to be, or has been paid. If it is a first offense, it is listed on the record but not classified as a conviction; any other time it is classified as a conviction.
Bookmaking
An operation with the purpose of placing, registering, paying off or collecting debts for bets.
Burglary
The act of entering a premises, without the privilege to enter, with the purpose of committing a crime. States may classify as first, second, or third degree burglary.
C
Capias
The Latin meaning is “That You Take”. This is the name for several types of writs which require that a law enforcement official take a named defendant into custody.
Capital Case/Crime
Case or crime for which the death penalty may be imposed.
Capital Punishment
Punishment by death for capital crime.
Carnal
Sexual, sensual. Carnal knowledge is sexual intercourse.
Cause of Action
One or more related charges, combined and made against a defendant for wrongs committed.
Charge
In criminal law, a charge is an allegation that an individual has committed a specific offense.
Citation
An order issued by a law enforcement officer requiring appearance in court to answer a charge. Bail is not accepted in lieu of appearance.
Circuit
Judicial division of the United States or of an individual state.
Circuit Courts
Courts whose jurisdiction extends over several counties or districts. (There are thirteen judicial circuits wherein the U.S. Courts of Appeals reside).
City Court
Courts that try persons accused of violating municipal ordinances. City courts may have jurisdiction over minor civil or criminal cases, or both.
Civil Disorder
A violent public disturbance by three or more people which causes danger, damage or injury to property or persons.
Co-defendant
One of a group of two or more people charged in the same crime.
Coercion
The use of physical force or threats to compel someone to commit an act against their will.
Compounding Crime
The receipt by an individual of consideration in exchange for an agreement not to prosecute or inform on someone who they know has committed a crime.
Concurrent Sentences
Two or more terms of imprisonment served simultaneously.
Conditional Discharge – Non-conviction
The defendant has no finding of guilt. The court is discharging him/her from trial on special conditions that they must follow. If they do not abide by these conditions, the discharge may be revoked and the finding may become guilty.
Conditional Release
The release from a correctional facility before full sentence has been served which is conditioned on specific behavior. If conditions are not met, the individual may be returned to the facility.
Consecutive Sentences
Multiple sentences, served one after the other.
Consent Decree – Conviction
This is found in New Mexico. It is designed as a disposition for juvenile cases in which the defendant pleads guilty and is placed on the decree / probation for six months.
Conspiracy
The coming together of two or more people for the purpose of committing an unlawful act or to commit a lawful act by unlawful means.
Contempt of Court
An act committed which serves to obstruct the court in its administration or authority.
Controlled Substance
A drug whose availability is restricted by law.
Conversion
The unauthorized taking of another’s property.
Conviction
Guilty verdict in a criminal trial.
Count/Charge
An offense named in a cause of action. A cause of action may contain multiple counts or charges, each relating to the others but identifying a separate offense.
Court of Limited Jurisdiction
Court that has authority to adjudicate cases of a certain kind or up to a limited amount, usually lesser offenses. (Opposite of Court of General Jurisdiction)
Court of Record
The court where the permanent record of all proceedings is held.
Credit Card Fraud
Use, or attempted use of a credit card to purchase goods or services with the intent to avoid payment of such.
Crime Against Nature
Deviate sexual intercourse.
Criminal Nonsupport
Failure to pay child support in violation of court order.
Culpability
Blame, or degree of responsibility for a crime. This may be in degrees of purposeful, knowingly, recklessly or by negligence.
Cumulative Sentence
A sentence that takes effect after a prior sentence is completed for crimes tried under the same cause of action.
D
Dangerous Weapon
Something that is capable, though not designed to cause serious injury or death.
De Novo
Latin for “anew” or “afresh”. Usually used as Trial De Novo. New trial, or one that is held for a second time, as if there had been no previous trial or decision.
Dead Docket – Non-conviction
Often seen in Fulton, Georgia, there is not enough evidence that shows the defendant is guilty or that he is innocent. The case is set aside. If not brought back up, case is closed.
Deadly Weapon
A weapon designed to cause serious injury or death.
Defendant
A person against whom a cause of action is taken.
Deferred Adjudication of Guilt
The final judgment is delayed for a period of time. Can be likened to probation before a final verdict. If “probation” is completed without incident, the charges are usually dropped and the case is dismissed. During the “probationary period” the disposition is not necessarily considered a conviction.
Deferred Discharge
Dismissed and considered a non-conviction.
Deferred Probation
The judge doesn’t make a finding of guilt; he assigns probation. If probation is completed without incident, the charges are usually dropped.
Deferred Sentence
Postponement of the pronouncement of the sentence.
Defraud
Knowingly misrepresenting facts to cheat or trick.
Degree
(First, Second, or Third, A, B or C) Classification assigned to a crime, depending on circumstances, for purposes of determining punishment. First degree is considered most serious than third; A is more serious than C. Degrees may be assigned to the actual crime (IE: murder in the first or second degree) or the class of crimes (IE: felony or misdemeanor).
Directed Verdict
A determination by a jury, made at the direction of the judge. A directed verdict happens in cases where there has been a lack of evidence, an overwhelming amount of evidence, or where the law is in favor of one of the parties.
Discharged With Conditions
Court issues the discharge from the jail and requires defendant to comply with some conditions. Regardless whether defendant complies with rules or not, he/she is still convicted.
Dismissal
Finally disposing of the cause without further consideration. May be voluntary or involuntary. When involuntary, there is usually lack of prosecution or failure to produce sufficient evidence.
Dismissal Without Leave After Deferred
Prosecution Charges dismissed after specified time (90 days to 1 year) provided certain conditions have been met such as participating in specified program of anger control or drug counseling or providing community service, etc.
Disposed/Disposition
The final settlement in the matter. Examples of disposed cases are those with a finding of guilt (conviction), innocence, or acquittal.
Diversion Program
To set aside. A court direction which calls a defendant, who has been found guilty, to attend a work or educational program as part of probation. May include some type of anger management, drug rehab, etc. If the condition of program is met, charge may be considered non-conviction.
Diversity of Citizenship
A crime or claim which extends between citizens of different states. This is one of the grounds that can be used to invoke the jurisdiction of the U.S. Federal District Court.
Docket Record
A court’s official record of proceedings and calendar of upcoming cases.
Driving While Intoxicated
Operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Complete intoxication is not required. Individual state statutes specify the blood alcohol content at which a person is presumed to be under the influence of intoxicating liquor.
Due Diligence
A reasonable and expected measure of attention taken for a particular action. Not measurable by an absolute standard, but dependant on the situation.
Due Process of Law
Procedures followed by law enforcement and courts to insure the protection of an individual’s rights as assigned by the Constitution.
E
Embezzlement
The taking of another’s money or property by one entrusted with its possession, usually through employment.
Ex parte
On one side only. When an act is one for one party only. For example, in an Ex parte proceeding, only one party to the case is heard.
Expunge/Expunged
When a record of an offense is expunged it will not appear on a released criminal history. The record may be destroyed or sealed after a certain period of time. Records may be expunged in juvenile cases, or upon satisfactory completion of a court-ordered probation and/or class(es).
Extortion
Obtaining another’s property by actual or threatened force, fear or violence.
Extradition
The surrender of an individual accused or convicted of a crime by one state to another.
F
Felonious
Describing an offense which is done with malicious, villainous criminal intent. IE: felonious assault.
Felony
A serious offense carrying a penalty of incarceration from one year to life in a state prison, to the death penalty.
Felony Conversion
(Fraudulent Conversion) Similar to embezzlement or theft. An example of felony conversion is if someone sold goods for a company, and kept the money instead of turning it in to the company. (North Carolina)
Forcible Entry
Entering or taking possession of property with force, threats or menacing conduct.
Fraud
A broad term used to cover all kinds of acts. Generally, fraud is the commission of an act with the goal to benefit or gain advantage at another’s expense. A purposeful misrepresentation with the intent to deceive.
Fugitive File —The case has not been to trial
Found in Virginia. Also see Returned Un-served.
G
Georgia 1st Offender Act
O.C.G.A. $ 42-8-62 (In Part). Upon fulfillment of the terms of probation, upon release by the court prior to the termination of the period thereof, or upon release from confinement, the defendant shall be discharged without court adjudication of guilt. The discharge shall completely exonerate the defendant of any criminal purpose and shall not affect any of his civil rights or liberties and the defendant shall not be considered to have a criminal conviction.
Grand Jury
A body of persons with the authority to investigate and accuse, but not to try cases. The grand jury will listen to and review evidence to see if it there are sufficient grounds to bring an individual to trial.
Grand Larceny
The theft of property over a specified value. Dollar amounts vary by state.
Gross
Flagrant, out of measure.
Gross Misdemeanor
Serious misdemeanor.
Guilt/Guilty – Conviction
Final disposition. Having committed a crime.
Guilty in Absentia – Conviction
The jury has found the defendant guilty without them having appeared in court.
H
Habeas Corpus
A writ requesting a trial or the release of a prisoner.
Habitual Violator
To have committed the same offence three times. Can also be charged as a habitual offender.
Hijacking
To take control of a vehicle by intimidation, force or threatened force. Also, the theft of goods while in transit, as when transported in trucks.
Homicide
The killing of another human being. “Justifiable homicide” occurs in cases such as during the enforcement of law, and/or occurs without evil intent. “Excusable homicide” may occur by accident or in self-defense. “Felonious homicide” is the killing of another without justification. This type has two degrees – manslaughter and murder, depending on circumstances or intent. See Manslaughter; Murder.
Hung Jury
A hung jury is one in which all jurors cannot reach a consensus required for a verdict.
I
Ignored – Non-conviction
The case never went to trial. It was ignored by the state.
Illicit
Prohibited or unlawful.
Incendiary
One who intentionally set fires. Arsonist.
Incorrigible
One who is incapable of reform.
Indictment
A formal, written accusation made by the grand jury.
Infraction
Violation of local ordinance or state statute usually resulting in a fine or limited period of incarceration. Term usually used in traffic offenses.
Injunction
A court order which prohibits a person from doing a specified act for a specified period of time.
Intent
The frame of mind or attitude of the person at the time an act was committed. See Culpability.
Intoxicates, Intoxication
Reduction of physical or mental capabilities caused by the ingestion of an intoxicating substance such as alcohol or drugs.
Involuntary Dismissal
Dismissed due to lack of prosecution or lack of evidence.
J
Judgment
The final decision of the court regarding a claim or case.
Jurisdiction
The power of a court to question facts, apply law, make decisions and judgments.
K
Kidnapping
Taking and carrying away a person by force, fraud, threats or intimidation. Unlawfully confining a person for a substantial period of time in an isolated place.
L
Larceny
The unlawful taking of another person’s property. Larceny is commonly classified as “petty” or “grand” depending on the value of the property. Dollar values to establish classifications of “petty” and “grand” may vary from state to state.
Legal Malice
An act, committed without just cause or excuse, intended to inflict harm or cause death.
Lewd and Lascivious
Obscene, indecent.
Libel
Defamation of another person through print, pictures, or signs.
Lis Pendens
A pending suit.
M
Magistrate
Public officials, including judicial officers who have limited jurisdiction in criminal cases and civil causes.
Mail Fraud
The use of the mail system to commit a fraud.
Malice Aforethought
Planning to commit an unlawful act without just cause or excuse.
Manslaughter
The unpremeditated killing of a person. Can be voluntary or involuntary, determined by circumstances. The feature distinguishing involuntary manslaughter from voluntary is the absence of intent to cause death or commit an act that might be expected to produce death or harm. Voluntary manslaughter is homicide that is committed during an act in the heat of passion.
Mayhem
The intentional infliction of injury on another which causes amputation, disfigurement or impairs the function of any part of the body.
Misdemeanor Intervention Program – Non-conviction
A program designated only for misdemeanor offenses in which the defendant may comply to the conditions of the program in order to avoid conviction.
Mistrial
A trial which is terminated or declared invalid. Reasons for mistrial include misconduct on the part of the jury, defense team or the court, or illness on the part of the judge, jury or defendant. May be followed by a retrial on the same charges.
Murder
Unlawful killing with malice aforethought. Murder is willful, deliberate and premeditated, or done during the commission of a crime. This classification of crime is generally divided by degrees, murder in the first degree and murder in the second degree, for the purpose of imposing penalties.
N
Negligence
Flagrant and reckless disregard of the safety of others. Willful indifference.
Negotiated Plea
See Plea Bargain.
No Bill or No True Bill
The decision by a grand jury that it will not bring indictment against the accused on the basis of the allegations and evidence presented by the prosecutor.
No Contest
A plea in which the defendant does not contest the charge. This has the same effect as a guilty plea except the conviction cannot be used against the defendant in a civil suit.
No Papered – Non-conviction
The paperwork was never sent to the court by the District Attorney and the case was never filed. Therefore, it was never brought to trial. (This is a typically a legal term used in Washington, D.C.)
No Probable Cause
There was not sufficient reason to bring case to trial.
Nolli Illigitimi Carborundum
Latin phrase loosely translated, “hang in there.”
Nolle Pros or Nolle Prosequi
Latin phrase used by the district attorney or plaintiff when they do not wish to prosecute or proceed with the action.
Nolle Prosse – Non-conviction
Latin for “Not Prosecuted.” This means there was not enough evidence to convict the defendant. The case is dropped.
Nolo Contendre – Conviction
Latin phrase used by a defendant to say “I do not wish to contest.” This plea in a criminal case has the legal effect of pleading guilty. See No Contest.
Non-Adjudication of Guilt – Non-conviction
Same as adjudication withheld.
O
Obtain Property under False Pretense
The misrepresentation of the value of something. Passing bad check.
Other – Non-conviction
Defendant is given special provisions for one year to abide by since this is a first offense. If no further violation of the same nature occurs, case is closed.
P
Pander
To provide products or services which cater to the sexual gratification of others. To entice another into prostitution.
Parole
To release from confinement after serving part of a sentence, usually with terms and conditions provided in the parole order.
Parole Violation
An act that does not conform to the terms of parole.
Perjury
Intentionally making a false statement under oath.
Plea
The defendant’s formal answer to a charge.
Plea Bargain
A plea of guilt to a lesser offense in return for a lighter sentence.
Prayer for Judgment – Non-conviction
Asking the court to give leniency. No finding of guilt by the court. Often seen in North Carolina, it falls under deferred prosecution, meaning the state did not prosecute. For example, with worthless checks it gives the defendant a chance to pay the check before being charged.
Pre-Trial Intervention/Diversion – Non-conviction
A program the defendant is placed in before going to trial. If the defendant complies prior to trial time, the trial will not be held for the charge and the defendant is not convicted. This can also be an extensive background check to help determine if charges will be pressed.
Probation
Relief of all or part of a sentence on the promise of proper conduct.
Process Other – Non-conviction
Defendant was not charged on this count due to being charged for another count.
G
Quash/Quashed
Declined to prosecute but with the option to reopen the case.
R
Racketeering
An organized conspiracy for the purpose of committing crimes of extortion or coercion.
Rape
Sex without consent. May be forcible or by intoxication, with a person who is underage and unable to give consent, or with a person with diminished mental and/or physical capabilities.
Reckless Endangerment
An act which does or could cause injury to another, not necessarily with intent.
Refused – Non-conviction
The case never went to trial. Charges were not accepted by the District Attorney’s Office
Rejected – Non-conviction
The case never went to trial. The state rejected the hearing of the case.
Remand
To return an individual to custody pending further trial, or to return a case from an appellate to a lower court for further proceedings.
Responsible – Non-conviction
The defendant is responsible for the payment of the fines or fees of the crime. They are not found in guilt, however, must pay what they are ordered. Often found on traffic tickets or minor violation.
Restraining Order
An order prohibiting a specified action until such time that a hearing on an application for an injunction can be held.
Retired
(as Disposition) The case can be brought up within the next year if the individual is arrested for anything. It is the judge’s decision and only he can take action. If the individual remains “clean,” then the case can be dismissed.
Found in North Carolina. The case has not been to trial at this time. A warrant, summons or paper from the district attorney’s office was issued for delivery to the defendant to appear for trial; however, the defendant could not be located. Therefore, the case is technically pending; however, the paperwork was never served.
RICO Act
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act.
S
Secreting Lien Property
Hiding property that has a lien filed against it.
Sedition
Advocating the overthrow or reform of a government by unlawful means.
Sentence
A judgment of punishment for a criminal act.
Serious Misdemeanor
Having a more severe penalty than other misdemeanors.
Slander
Defamation verbal communication. Making false and malicious statements about another.
Solicitation
Asking, urging or enticing.
Status: Closed
No further action will occur on this case; cannot be reopened at later date.
Statutory Rape
Sexual activity by an adult with a person under the age of consent.
Stet Docket – Non-conviction
Will not prosecute at this time. Eligible to be re-opened for one year if a violation is committed during that time. After the one-year period and no violations have been committed, it cannot be re-opened and the case is closed.
Stricken
To eliminate or expunge.
Stricken Off Leave – Non-conviction
Often seen in Illinois, the case has been stricken off docket with the ability to reinstate at a later date if deemed that the case can be prosecuted. This is often because the prosecutors run out of time to prosecute.
Suspended Sentence
Deferment of punishment usually over a period of probation.
T
Theft of Services
Obtaining services without consent through deception, threat, tampering, etc.
Theft/unauthorized
Theft by using someone else’s information, credit card, check, or something similar.
Truncated Files
Destroyed or partially destroyed. Unable to obtain any more information.
U
Under the Influence of Intoxicating Liquor or Drug
Any condition where the nervous system, brain or muscles are impaired to an appreciable degree by an intoxicating substance.
Usury
Charging more interest than is permitted by law for a loan of money.
Unlawful Entry
Entry without force and without permission by means of fraud or other wrongful act.
Uttering
To forge another’s name.
V
Vacate
(Judgment) To make void; to cancel.
Vehicular Homicide
Death of another caused by the intentional, unlawful or negligent operation of a motor vehicle.
Venue
The geographic area where the case or claim occurred, within which a court with jurisdiction can hear and determine a case. A change of venue, or the moving of a case from one court to another may be granted for such reasons as when the court does not think the defendant can get a fair trial in that area or for the convenience of the parties in a civil case.
Verdict
The formal, final decision or finding made by a jury or judge.
Voluntary Dismissal
The court or district attorney dismisses the charges against an individual.
W
Waived – Conviction
Mainly found in the state of North Carolina. This means the defendant has waived his / her right to trial and has pled guilty to the charges. In turn, the court accepts the plea of guilty.
Waiver by Magistrate
Charges are waived after the defendant agrees to pay a fine. The defendant is not prosecuted on this charge.
Waiver of Jury
The right to a jury trial is waived and the judge makes the decision of guilt or innocence.
Wanton Reckless, malicious
Without regard for the rights of others, indifferent to consequences to health, life or the reputation of another. Usually done without intent, but an act so unreasonable the perpetrator should know that harm will result.
Warrant
Court order authorizing a law enforcement official to arrest or perform search and seizure.
Weapons Offenses
The unlawful sale, distribution, manufacture, alteration, transport, possession or use of a deadly or dangerous weapon.
With Specifications
When W/S is listed after a charge, it is usually followed with a description of violence involved with the charge.
Withheld
Adjudication withheld.
Writ
A written court order, or a judicial process.
Wrongful Entrustment
Allowing an unlicensed driver to operate a motor vehicle.
X
Y
Youthful Offender
Classification of youths and young adults, generally older then juveniles. In the 18 to 25 year age group, these individuals are sometimes given special sentencing consideration for the purpose of rehabilitation, sometimes through education and counseling.
Youthful Training Act
Usually a non-conviction. Used for juvenile first-time offenders. It may be reported on a criminal record. If the juvenile complies with the sentence, the case will be dropped from the record when the offender reaches adulthood.
